Synthesis Methods of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review of Techniques, Parameters, and Applications

Abstract

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) are nanoscale materials with remarkable superparamagnetic properties, making them suitable for various applications, including biomedical, catalysis, and electronic devices. This article systematically reviews several synthesis methods of Fe₃O₄NPs, such as co-precipitation, sol-gel, hydrothermal, and green synthesis. The main focus is on the mechanisms of each method, the critical parameters influencing the synthesis outcomes, as well as their advantages and limitations. The discussion also addresses how these parameters affect particle size, morphology, and magnetic properties. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights for researchers in selecting the most appropriate synthesis method for specific applications and identifying the challenges that need to be addressed in the development of Fe₃O₄NPs. These findings are expected to accelerate innovation and optimization in the production of Fe₃O₄NPs for various demands