A Review on Limau Kuit (Citrus hystrix DC) Peel Extract as a Sustainable Capping Agent for Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)

Abstract

This paper examines the efficacy of lime peel extract in the manufacture of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a capping agent and its extensive applications across many sectors. Lime peel extract comprises secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, which serve to stabilize AgNPs, inhibit agglomeration, and regulate particle size and dispersion. The synthesis of AgNPs utilizing this extract yields nanoparticles measuring approximately 10-50 nm, exhibiting a uniform and stable shape. Diverse extraction methods, including maceration and ultrasonication, have been employed to efficiently acquire these bioactive chemicals. The resultant AgNPs possess extensive uses, particularly in waste management, biomedicine, and electronics and sensors. In waste processing, AgNPs facilitate pollutant adsorption and redox processes to eliminate pollutants. In the biomedical domain, AgNPs exhibit potential as antibacterial agents and in medication delivery, whereas in the electronics and sensors sector, AgNPs are employed in the creation of biosensors, gas sensors, and energy storage devices. Notwithstanding their significant promise, issues about the long-term stability and toxicity of AgNPs must be resolved by additional research. This research demonstrates that AgNPs manufactured using lime peel extract provide an eco-friendly and efficient alternative for diverse industrial and environmental applications.